Nickan Research Institute Journal of Parathyroid Disease 2345-6558 1 2 2013 03 01 Impact of vitamin D on the immune system in kidney disease 17 20 EN Mohammad-Reza Ardalan Houshang Sanadgol Hamid Nasri Azar Baradaran Mohammad-Reza Tamadon Mahmoud Rafieian-Kopaei Journal Article When chronic kidney disease progresses, the capability to compensate for elevation in parathyroid hormone and fibroblast growth factor-23 and for decrease in 1,25(OH)2D3 become insufficient, which consequences in high serum phosphorus level, extra-skeletal calcification and abnormal bone disorders. Further to its effect on the regulation of parathyroid hormone, calcium and phosphate, vitamin D has various other non-calciotropic efficacies, comprising controlling cell proliferation/differentiation and having immunomodulatory properties. There are various immune disturbances that can be observed when function deteriorates. It is necessary to understand well both the classical and non-classical functions of vitamin D.